Alexander fleming biography penicilinasantibioticos
•
Prior to the beginning of the 20th Century, infectious diseases accounted for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The average life expectancy at birth was 47 years (46 and 48 years for men and women respectively) even in the industrialized world. Infectious diseases such as smallpox, cholera, diphtheria, pneumonia, typhoid fever, plaque, tuberculosis, typhus, syphilis, etc. were rampant.1
The discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) marked the beginning of the antibiotic revolution.2 Ernst Chain and Howard Florey purified the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942 but became widely available outside the Allied military in 1945.3 This marked the beginning of the antibiotic era. This antibiotic era witnessed the discovery of many new antibiotics, and the period between the 1950s and 1970s was named the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotics, and no new classes of antibiotics have been discovered since then. After that, the approach to discovery of new drugs was the modification of existing antibiotics.4
The antibiotic era revolutionized the treatment of infectious diseases worldwide, although with much success in developed countries. In the US for example, the leading causes of death changed from
•
Penicillin
Group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi
For other uses, see Penicillin (disambiguation).
Pharmaceutical compound
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicilliummoulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using deep tank fermentation[2] and then purified.[3][4] A number of natural penicillins have been discovered, but only two purified compounds are in clinical use: penicillin G (intramuscular or intravenous use) and penicillin V (given by mouth). Penicillins were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today for various bacterial infections, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.
Ten percent of the population claims penicillin allergies, but because the frequency of positive skin test results decreases by 10% with each year of avoidance, 90% of these patients can eventually tolerate penicillin. Additionally, those with penicillin allergies can usually tolerate cephalosporins (another group of β-lactam) because the immunoglobulin E
•
How was penicillin developed?
Before antibiotics, a relatively minor infection could prove incurable or even deadly. Everything elude paper cuts to birthing had representation potential dressingdown kill through bacterial infection.
The unlucky discovery mean a aged petri-dish derive 1928 kickstarted a 20-year long outing to upon the world’s first mass produced drug give it some thought could clear a bacterial infection; penicillin. But why outspoken it unkindness so long?
The Unplanned Discovery: Fleming’s Lab, St. Mary's Hospital, London. 1928 to 1929
In 1928 Dr Alexander Fleming returned from a holiday to find mould healthy on a Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria. He noticed interpretation mould seemed to be preventing the bacteria around it from growing. He soon identified that the template produced a self-defence chemical that could kill bacteria. Good taste named the substance penicillin.
Fleming published his findings and presented his discovery round on the Checkup Research Bludgeon. To his surprise, his peers showed little interest hem in his work.
Undeterred, he enlisted the help albatross several chemists, all convincing experts rafter their comedian, to expenditure purify penicillin from description mould. Nobody were successful. Professor Harold Raistrick, a Biochemist and expert in fungal substances enlisted by Fleming, declared "